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- BOOKS, Page 72Life Up North
-
-
- By RICHARD LACAYO
-
- THE PROMISED LAND
- by Nicholas Lemann
- Knopf; 410 pages; $24.95
-
-
- There were two great migrations that transformed America in
- this century. The first brought millions of arrivals through
- the gates of Ellis Island. The second, which began in the
- 1940s, saw more than 5 million blacks move from the farms and
- small towns of the South to the cities of the North. Because
- it took place entirely within U.S. borders, that second massive
- relocation slipped by with less notice than the first, until
- the nation woke to find itself transformed. By the time their
- numbers had tapered off, around 1970, many of the travelers
- were embarked upon another journey -- up the ladder of class
- advancement. But almost as many were rattling in the dungeons
- of the underclass, causing reverberations throughout American
- life.
-
- Nicholas Lemann, a national correspondent for the Atlantic,
- tries to fathom the course of that great surge by linking the
- personal experiences of a few migrants to a tale of big-city
- politicking in Chicago, one of their chief destinations. He
- frames that story within an account of how three successive
- White House administrations, from Kennedy through Nixon, were
- consumed by a debate over federal antipoverty efforts -- a
- Washington policy war that combined the worst features of
- academic detachment and fang-baring political ambition. His
- heroes are the migrants who managed to clamber into the middle
- class, mostly on the narrow foothold of modest government jobs.
- His villains -- and there are more of those -- are the
- politicians and policymakers of both left and right who botched
- the War on Poverty.
-
- Much of the book focuses on a few blacks from rural
- Clarksdale, Miss., some of the hundreds of thousands of
- sharecroppers and their families who were forced off the fields
- of the Mississippi Delta after the widespread adoption of the
- mechanical cotton picker. Lured by the promise of decent pay
- in the North, they flowed upward along the lines of the
- Illinois Central Railroad, their ears ringing with the Bible
- accounts of the children of Israel making their way to the
- promised land.
-
- Lemann deals directly with the messy question of whether the
- sharecropper culture the migrants left behind helped lead them
- into the trap of ghetto poverty. He sides with those who
- believe that a high number of unwed mothers, female-headed
- households and short-lived marriages were characteristics of
- sharecropper life that were reproduced in the Northern slums.
- But he stops short of the conclusion that often follows: broken
- families or a "culture of poverty" created the disaster of the
- ghettos. He puts the blame instead on the disappearance of
- unskilled manufacturing jobs, a problem misguided federal
- policies did little to remedy.
-
- The book's sharpest commentary is reserved for Washington.
- In the city Lemann describes, the real corridors of power are
- the margins of agency memos, where bureaucrats fight a war of
- ideas in scribbled asides. The Promised Land is indispensable
- for understanding how the War on Poverty advanced along the
- wrong front, favoring panaceas like community action and higher
- welfare payments while devoting too little attention to job
- creation. In the end, Lemann insists, the federal effort had
- its greatest impact by employing ghetto blacks in antipoverty
- agencies. For many that government paycheck was their ticket
- out of the ghetto.
-
- Lemann concludes by arguing against the conservative truism
- that federal antipoverty programs are doomed to failure -- and
- by wondering how long it will be before the national will to
- defeat poverty can be summoned again. "In American life," he
- writes, "the underclass is stuck in the antechamber where
- policy issues rest until they become political crusades."
- Perhaps someday the great trek northward will at least have a
- monument like the one that stands at Ellis Island to
- commemorate the first great migration. Meanwhile, The Promised
- Land is an important cornerstone in the effort to understand
- why so many travelers in the second migration never reached the
- land of milk and honey.
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